My Preffered Os

1. Turn on your computer.

2. Press the F2 key (on some computers, you must press the DELETE button) to launch the BIOS.

3. In the Phoenix BIOS, select Advanced BIOS Features.

4. Select Boot Sequence.

 5. In the Boot Sequence sequence, set the CD-ROM is at the top

 6. Press F10 to save settings and restart your computer


Format Hard Disk

1. First, you'll see a screen with the message "Press any key to boot from CD ...". Press any button here so that the computer will start reading from the Windows XP CD.

 2. Consider first the message out, "Press F6 if you need to install a third party SCSI or RAID driver or. " This message is important if you install Windows XP on SATA hard disk. If yes, press F6 and insert the SATA disk that came with your motherboard. If not, ignore this message and proceed to Step 3. (Note: If you want to install Windows XP on SATA hard disk but no disk, follow these steps

3. "Welcome to Setup" is displayed. Press ENTER to start to install Windows XP.

4. If you see the screen "Setup did not find any hard disk" is most likely that you are using SATA hard disk. Return to Step 2, or follow these steps.

5. "Windows XP Licensing Agreement. " Press F8 to proceed

6. If you have a hard hisk Windows XP, Setup will ask if you want to repair the old tu Windows XP. Press the ESC because you want to install a new Windows XP.





7. If your hard disk:
 are new and have not had any partition, follow steps 7 to 8.
 but if it has no partition in it, proceed to step 9.



8. Create a partition by pressing C





9. Determine the size of your partition and press ENTER.

10. Choose a partition C: to install Windows XP. Note: If you have any important files and documents in the partition C:, create a backup of the data transfer to the partition D: or to the external hard drive.






11. Press button C to agree

12. Choose NTFS as the file system and press ENTER.

13. Press F to format Hard Disk.

14. Setup will start formatting your hard disk and prepare files for the Windows XP install. Once this process is complete, your computer will restart itself.

Install Windows XP

1. Windows XP install process begins. Click the Next button.

2. Enter your name and click the Next button.

3. Enter the serial number for Windows XP and click the Next button.

4. Enter a password for the Administrator and click the Next button.

5. In the Time Zone field, select the Kuala Lumpur and click the Next button

6. Setup process has begun. Wait until finished

7. If you have a Network Card, Setup will ask you to make choices about the Network. Just click on the Next button twice.

8. Wait until the entire Windows XP install process is complete, and the computer will restart again.


Start Using Windows XP


1. The first time Windows XP started, your screen resolution be amended as appropriate. Click on the OK button.

2. "Welcome to Microsoft Windows" is displayed. Click the Next button.

3. Select "Not right now" and press the Next button. You can re-enable Automatic Updates in the future.

4. Windows will attempt to detect your Internet connection. You may omit this step by clicking Skip.

5. Select "No, not at this time" so you do not need to register with Microsoft. Press the Next button.

6. Enter your name and click Next.

7. Click the Finish button.

8. Now, Windows XP was installed and ready you can already start using it.

Protection & Security

Introduction

File system often contain information that is highly valuable to their users.

Protecting information against unauthorized usage is therefore major concern of

all file system. In the following unit we will look at a variety of issues concerned

with security and protection.

Security policy and mechanism

      i.        The term security and protection are often used interchangeable.

    ii.        Nevertheless, it is frequently useful to make a distinction between the general problems involved in making sure that files are not read or modified by unauthorized persons, which include technical, managerial, legal and political issues on the one hand, and the specific operating system mechanism used to provide security on the other to avoid confusion, we will use the term security to refer to the overall problem, and the term protection mechanisms to refer to the specific operating system mechanisms used to safeguard information in the computer.

   iii.         The boundary between them is not well defined, however.

   iv.        A more interesting problem is what to do about intruders.

    v.         These come in two varieties.

   vi.        Passive intruders just want to read files they are not authorized o read.

  vii.        Active intruders are more malicious; they want to make unauthorized changes to data.

viii.        When designing a system to be secure against intruders, it is important to keep in the mind the kind of intruders one is trying to protect against. Some common categories are:

1)    Casual prying by non technical users. Many people have terminals to time sharing systems on their desks, and human nature being what it is, some of them will read other people’s electronic mail and other files if no barriers are placed in the way. Most UNIX systems, for example, have the default that all files are publicly readable.

2)    Snooping by insiders. Student, systems programmers, operators, and other technical personal often consider it to be a personal challenge to break the security of the local computer system. They often are highly skilled and are willing to devote a substantial amount of time to effort.

3)    Determined attempt to make money. Some bank programmers have attempted to break into a banking system to steal from the bank. Scheme have varied from changing the software to truncate rather than round interest, keeping the fraction of a cent for themselves, to siphoning off accounts not used in years, to blackmail.

4)    Commercial or military espionage. Espionage refers to serious and wellfunded attempt by a competitor or foreign country to steal programs, trade secret, patents, technology, circuit design, marketing plans, and so forth. Often this attempt will involve wiretapping or even erecting antennas directed at the computer to pick up its electromagnetic radiation.

Authentic basic concept

a.    A major security problem for operating system is the authentication problem.

b.    The protection system depends on an ability to identify the programs and processes that are executing.

c.     This ability in turn, eventually rests on our power to identify each user of the system. A user normally identifies himself.

d.    How do we determine if a user identity is authentic? Generally, authentication is base on some combination of three set of items: user possession (a key or card),user knowledge (a user identifier and password), and a user attribute ( finger print, retina pattern, or signature)

e.    The most common approach to authenticating a user identity is the use of user passwords.

f.      When the user identifies herself by user id or account name, she is asked for a password. If the user supplied password, matches the password stored in the system, the system assume that the user is legitimate.

Password

Passwords are often used to protect object in the computer system,

in the absence of more complete protection scheme. They can be considered a

special case of either keys or capabilities. For instance, a password could be

associate with each resource such as file. Whenever a request is made to use the

resource, the password must be given. If the password is correct, access is granted. Different passwords may be associated with different access rights. For

example, different password may be used for reading, appending and updating a

file.

Artifact

A completely different approach to authorization is to check to see

if the user has some item, normally a plastic card with a magnetic stripe on it.

The card is inserted into the terminal, which then checks to see whose card it is.

This method can be combined with a password, so a user can only log in if he

1. has the card

2. knows the password

Automated cash dispensing machine usually work this way.

Another technique is signature analysis. The user sign his name with a special

pen connected to the terminal and the computer compares it to a known

specimen stored online. Even better is not to compare the signature, but compare

the pen motion made while writing it. A good forger may be able to copy the

signature, but will not have a clue as to the exact order in which the stroke were

made.

Biometric Technique

Yet another approach is to measure physical characteristic that are

hard to forge. For example a finger print or a voiceprint reader in the

terminal could verify the users identity (it make the search go faster if the

user tells the computer who he is, rather then making the computer

compare the given fingerprint to the entire database)

Finger length analysis is surprisingly practical. When this is used

each terminal has a device. The user inserts his hand into it and the length

of all his finger is measured and check against the database.